Assessment of Water Crisis in Palestine: Resources, Challenges, and Practical Solutions

Abstract

Palestine is experiencing an increasingly severe water crisis, stemming from the interplay of political constraints (Israeli occupation), environmental pressures (climate change), and managerial challenges (weak governance). Together, these factors have created a critical situation that poses a threat to public health, economic stability, and long-term environmental sustainability. This paper aims to assess the available water resources in Palestine and to identify the key challenges contributing to this critical situation, providing an evidence based foundation for sustainable water management strategies. The findings are envisaged to equip public authorities, academic institutions, and international organizations with a comprehensive assessment of Palestine’s water situation, outlining the available resources, critical challenges, and feasible, cost-effective interventions. The primary sources of accessible water are groundwater wells (approximately 300 MCM), springs (around 45 MCM), and purchased water from Mekorot, about 95 MCM. The study proposes practical and feasible solutions to enhance water security in Palestine. Investment in nonconventional water resources, such as treated wastewater reuse, seawater desalination, and rainwater harvesting, was identified as the primary intervention, with the potential to provide up to 250 MCM of additional water annually. Additional recommendations emphasize governance and management reforms, as well as upgrading water and wastewater infrastructure.