Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Eggshell-Derived CaO Catalyst

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable energy to sources has driven interest in biodiesel de production, a renewable alternative to fossil in fuels. This paper investigates the production of Re biodiesel using eggshells as a catalyst in the of transesterification of waste cooking oil. em Because of their abundance, affordability, and capacity to transform into calcium oxide (CaO), Bi a premium base catalyst, eggshells—which are ga abundant in calcium carbonate—are an qu important catalyst. They are therefore a more bi environmentally responsible and sustainable co substitute for conventional catalysts made from di non-renewable materials. The catalyst was ap prepared by three methods: dried at 105°C, ga calcinated at 900°C, and refluxed at 600°C. The results revealed that the highest yield of Bi produced biodiesel from waste cooking oil was tra 81.42% when refluxed eggshell was used. The an first case of optimization was done on dried (b eggshell at 105°C; the obtained yield was 76.92% of and 80.55% for reaction times of 1 hr and 2 hr, al respectively. While the second case was done ar on dried eggshell at 105°C and calcined at en 900°C, the obtained yield was 84.16% for the fe lowest catalyst (calcined at 900°C) ratio. The Ch final case was recycled calcined eggshell, al which gives a good yield. The costs of re producing one ton of biodiesel from eggshell oi and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalysts are m $1,560 and $1,566, respectively. The used oil, an eggshell catalyst, and produced biodiesel were characterized.